Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in Spanish older adults.

The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) assesses nine cognitive strategies used to cope with negative events. The aim of this study was to generate validity evidences of this instrument in an older Spanish population. The Spanish version of the CERQ (CERQ-S) and self-report scales, measuring psychological well-being, depression and resilience, were administered to 305 older adults aged 65-90 (70.0 ± 4.7) residents in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain. 150 participants completed the 6-month follow-up in April 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic). Confirmatory factor analyses supported 9-strategy structure, with an improved fit 27-item version (CERQ-S-27). Generally adequate composite reliability (CR between 0.63 and 0.84) and temporal stability (ICC between 0.38 and 0.71; p < 0.001) were found. Subscales correlated coherently with measures of depression, well-being and resilience, and T-tests indicated different use between older adults who did or did not have depressive symptoms. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that subscales predicted depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.17; p < 0.001) and psychological well-being after six months (R2 = 0.21; p < 0.001). Results provided evidences of concurrent, predictive and criterion validity, suggesting that the CERQ-S-27 could be useful for studying use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies among older adults and understanding their influence in ageing and mental health.

Profiles of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and their Association with Emotional Traits / Los perfiles de la regulación cognitiva de las emociones y su asociación con los rasgos emocionales

Existe un creciente interés en la investigación de las relaciones entre diferentes estrategias de regulación de la emoción y sus síntomas u otros rasgos emocionales. Este estudio considera estos tipos de estrategias como disposiciones personales en relación con otros factores, en un esfuerzo por identificar diferentes perfiles de regulación de la emoción cognitiva y analizar su capacidad para predecir el impacto positivo y negativo, rasgos emocionales (ansiedad e ira) y sintomatología depresiva. Los participantes fueron 350 individuos (50% hombres) con una edad media de 35.69 (SD = 7.5). Los métodos de análisis de datos empleados fueron cluster, análisis discriminante y comparación de medias. Encontramos aspectos idiosincrásicos que sugieren la existencia de diversos estilos cognitivos de regulación emocional. Estos estilos se diferencian por su mayor o menor frecuencia en el uso de estrategias consideradas en la literatura como "más adaptativa" o "menos adaptativa" (los perfiles "protector" y "vulnerable"), siendo la reevaluación positiva la estrategia que mejor distingue el perfil de regulación emocional de cada persona

There is increasing research interest in the relationships between different emotion regulation strategies and symptoms or other emotional traits. This study considers these types of strategies as personal dispositions in relation to other factors, in an effort to identify different cognitive emotion regulation profiles and analyze their predictive capacity for positive and negative affect, emotional traits (anxiety and anger), and depressive symptomatology. Participants were 350 individuals (50% men) with a mean age of 35.69 (SD = 7.5). The data analysis methods employed were cluster, discriminant analyses, and comparison of means. We found idiosyncratic aspects suggesting the existence of diverse cognitive styles of emotional regulation. These styles would be differentiated by greater or lesser frequency in the use of strategies considered in the literature as "more adaptive" or "less adaptive" (the "protector" and "vulnerable" profiles), positive reappraisal being the strategy that best distinguishes between individuals as regards their emotional regulation profile

Two new brief versions of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and its relationships with depression and anxiety / Dos nuevas versiones breves del Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire y su relación con la depresión y ansiedad

The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) (Garnefski, et al., 2001) is a 36-item instrument for measuring cognitive strategies of emotional regulation. There is a brief, 18-item version that measures the same nine strategies as the full version (Garnefski and Kraaij, 2006a). The aim of this study was to develop a brief form of the CERQ, taking into account two different proposals: a 27-item and an 18-item instrument, the latter focusing solely on the assessment of the two general factors obtained in the second-order structure of the original CERQ model and identified in previous studies as adaptive strategies and less adaptive strategies. Participants in the study were 872 individuals aged 18-58 (mean 33.86, SD=8.43). The confirmatory factor analyses yield adequate overall indices in both versions, together with satisfactory validity. In the discussion, it is argued that the 27-item version is more appropriate for the specific rating of the nine regulation strategies people employ, and we propose the 18-item version as a suitable instrument in clinical context for an overall rating of an individual’s cognitive emotion regulation profile, furthermore, the criterion validity with depression and anxiety keeps similar to the larger versions

El Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) (Garnefski, et al., 2001) es un instrumento de 36 ítems que mide las estrategias cognitivas de la regulación emocional. Hay una versión breve de 18 elementos que mide las mismas nueve estrategias que la versión completa (Garnefski y Kraaij, 2006a). El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una versión breve, teniendo en cuenta dos propuestas: un instrumento de 27 ítems y otro de 18, el cual se centra exclusivamente en la evaluación de los dos factores generales obtenidos en la estructura de segundo orden del CERQ original e identificado en estudios previos como estrategias adaptativas y estrategias menos adaptativas. Los participantes en el estudio fueron 872 personas de 18 a 58 años (M = 33.86; DT = 8.43). El análisis factorial confirmatorio, proporciona índices globales adecuados en ambas versiones, junto con una validez satisfactoria. En la discusión, se argumenta que la versión de 27 ítems es más apropiada para la evaluación específica de las nueve estrategias de regulación que emplean las personas, y proponemos la versión de 18 ítems como un instrumento adecuado en el contexto clínico para una calificación global del perfil de regulación emocional cognitiva, además, la validez de criterio con depresión y ansiedad se mantiene similar a las versiones completas

Estructura factorial de la Escala de Balance Afectivo en población normativa / Factorial Structure of the Affect Balance Scale in a normative population

Se analiza la dimensionalidad y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Balance Afectivo (Warr, Barter y Brownbridge, 1983), comparando dos versiones (original vs. propuesta por Godoy-Izquierdo, Martínez y Godoy, 2008) y el posible efecto del método considerando el enunciado de algunos ítems. Participaron 600 personas de la población normativa (edades entre 18 y 58 años). Aunque las dos versiones presentaron índices de bondad de ajuste aceptables y similares, la versión propuesta mostró mayor fiabilidad y capacidad discriminativa. También se observó un buen ajuste para una estructura factorial de segundo orden (balance afectivo) con dos factores de primer orden (afecto positivo y negativo). Aunque solo se encontró efecto del método para los ítems de la dimensión de afecto positivo, se recomienda utilizar la versión propuesta eliminando el término "muy" del enunciado de los ítems que lo contienen

This study analyses the dimensionality and psychometric properties of the Affective Balance Scale by comparing two versions, the original by Warr, Barter, and Brownbridge (1983) and the proposed by GodoyIzquierdo, Martínez, and Godoy (2008), and examines the effect of some items’ wording on the possible outcome. Six-hundred people between the ages of 18 and 58 from the normative population participated in the study. Even though the two versions of the scale present an acceptable and similar goodness of fit index (GFI), the proposed version demonstrated greater reliability and better mean discrimination. The research also found a good adjustment for the second order factor structure (affective balance) with two first order factors (negative and positive affect). Even though the findings only indicated an effect on the items with a positive affect dimension, it is our recommendation that users of the scale adopt the proposed version and refrain from using "very" as item qualifier

Eficacia comparada de dos entrenamientos en estudiantes universitarios con dificultades para hablar en público / Comparative efficacy of two training sessions for university students with difficulties in public speaking

Este estudio comparó la eficacia de un entrenamiento en hablar en público (EHP) y un entrenamiento en focalización de la atención (EFA) en relación con un grupo control en estudiantes universitarios con dificultades para hablar en público (DHP). Además, se elaboró un método para la evaluación de la competencia de hablar en público. Los resultados del grupo de EHP, tras la intervención, superan a los encontrados en los otros dos grupos. Igualmente, la ejecución de los grupos de EHP y EFA mejora con respecto a la del grupo control, disminuye la ansiedad percibida en los tres grupos y cambia la actividad de la atención en los grupos EHP y EFA en situaciones de hablar en público. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan a que un entrenamiento breve en estudiantes universitarios con DHP puede resultar muy eficaz en actividades diarias como exponer un tema en clase o tareas análogas como un balance de resultados, una charla informal o un resumen en una reunión de trabajo (AU)

This study compares the efficacy of a training session in public speaking (PST) and a training session in focused attention (FAT) in connection with a control group of university students with difficulties in public speaking. In addition, we prepared a method for evaluating public speaking skills. After the intervention, the results of the PST group exceeded those found in the other two groups. The execution in PST and FAT groups improve relative to the control group, the perceived anxiety decreases in all the groups and the attention in public speaking situations changes in PST and FAT groups. Our results indicate that a brief training for university students with difficulties in public speaking can be very effective for daily activities like class presentations or similar tasks (presentation of a balance of results, an informal talk or a summary of a work meeting)

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to validate a Spanish version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-S), originally developed by Garnefski, Kraaij, and Spinhoven. To date, it is the only available instrument that permits a conceptually pure quantification of cognitive strategies of emotional regulation. A sample of 615 students (25% men; 75% women) completed the CERQ-S. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that, as in the original version, a nine-factor model also explained the data collected with the Spanish version. However, an alternative model that integrates the nine dimensions in two second-order factors shows appropriate global fit indices and has interesting implications. Likewise, the results of the present study are comparable with those obtained in previous work with measures of depression, anxiety, and anger, and increase support for the validity of this instrument for assessing normalized affective states.

Intelligence impairment, personality features and psychopathology disturbances in a family affected with CADASIL.

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a small-vessel disease of the brain that is characterized by headache, recurring lacunar strokes, mood changes and progressive cognitive deterioration. The disease is transmitted with an autosomal dominant pattern and usually starts during midadulthood (at 30-50 years of age). Cognitive deficits in patients with CADASIL develop slowly. The dementia causes frontal-like symptoms and it typically develops after a history of recurrent stroke. We describe three patients from one Spanish family affected by this disease. All three cases underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological examination, and were monitored for seven years. The results obtained in this study describe a) a significant loss of the intelligence quotient (IQ) and noticeable damage to abstract ability (g factor), b) mood and psychopathological disturbances (major depression and dysthymia), and c) a personality with neurotic features.

Intelligence impairment, personality features and psychopathology disturbances in a family affected with CADASIL

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a small-vessel disease of the brain that is characterized by headache, recurring lacunar strokes, mood changes and progressive cognitive deterioration. The disease is transmitted with an autosomal dominant pattern and usually starts during midadulthood (at 30–50 years of age). Cognitive deficits in patients with CADASIL develop slowly. The dementia causes frontal-like symptoms and it typically develops after a history of recurrent stroke. We describe three patients from one Spanish family affected by this disease. All three cases underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological examination, and were monitored for seven years. The results obtained in this study describe a) a significant loss of the intelligence quotient (IQ) and noticeable damage to abstract ability (g factor), b) mood and psychopathological disturbances (major depression and dysthymia), and c) a personality with neurotic features (AU)

La arteriopatía cerebral autosómica dominante con infartos subcorticales y leucoencefalopatía (CADASIL) se caracteriza por una alteración de las arterias cerebrales de pequeño y mediano calibre. La presentación clínica incluye migraña, infartos cerebrales recurrentes, cambios del humor y deterioro cognitivo. La enfermedad se transmite siguiendo un patrón autosómico dominante e inicia su desarrollo entre los 30- 50 años de edad. El deterioro cognitivo evoluciona lentamente hasta un cuadro similar al de la demencia frontal, y con frecuencia se desarrolla tras un periodo previo de episodios isquémicos recurrentes. Este trabajo describe a tres pacientes de una familia española afectada por la enfermedad. Se les siguió durante un período de siete años. Con el fin de estudiar la evolución del cuadro, se efectuaron diversas pruebas clínicas y neuropsicológicas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran a) una disminución significativa del cociente de inteligencia (CI) y un notorio deterioro del factor de inteligencia general (factor g), b) alteraciones psicopatológicas (depresión mayor y distimia), y c) un perfil de personalidad de rasgos neuróticos (AU)

The structure of Bryant's Empathy Index for children: a cross-validation study.

The present study examined the structure of Bryant's Empathy Index (BEI) using different samples for conducting exploratory and confirmatory analyses. The BEI was administered to a sample of 2714 children (mean age 11.12, SD = 1.59). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed a three-factor structure: Feelings of Sadness, Understanding Feelings and Tearful Reaction. The results revealed both the multidimensionality of the instrument and appropriate fit indices for the model proposed. Although these results were very similar to those reported in other studies with a Spanish population, the analyses were conducted in a more robust way: with a larger sample and using polychoric correlations and cross validation estimation.

The Structure of Bryant’s Empathy Index for Children: A Cross-Validation Study

The present study examined the structure of Bryant’s Empathy Index (BEI) using different samples for conducting exploratory and confirmatory analyses. The BEI was administered to a sample of 2,714 children (mean age 11.12, SD = 1.59). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed a three-factor structure: Feelings of Sadness, Understanding Feelings and Tearful Reaction. The results revealed both the multidimensionality of the instrument and appropriate fit indices for the model proposed. Although these results were very similar to those reported in other studies with a Spanish population, the analyses were conducted in a more robust way: with a larger sample and using polychoric correlations and cross validation estimation (AU)

El presente estudio examinó la estructura del Bryant’s Empathy Index (BEI), empleando diferentes muestras para llevar a cabo análisis exploratorio y confirmatorio. El BEI se aplicó a una muestra de 2,714 niños (edad media 11,12; DT = 1,59). Análisis exploratorio y confirmatorio revelaron una estructura de tres factores: Sentimientos de Tristeza, Comprensión de Sentimientos y Reacción de Llanto. Los resultados revelaron la multidimensonalidad del instrumento e índices de bondad de ajuste adecuados para el modelo propuesto. Aunque estos resultados eran muy similares a los que aparecen en otros estudios con población española, los análisis se llevaron a cabo de una forma más robusta: con una muestra mayor y empleando correlaciones policóricas y estimación dela validación cruzada (AU)

Género y respuesta emocional inducida mediante imaginación / Gender and emotional response induced by imagery

Se exploran las diferencias de género en expresión emocional:se benefician los hombres de su forma estereotipada de responder a afectos negativos como la tristeza? o las mujeres se benefician menos que los hombres de los afectos positivos? El estudio se realizó en el laboratorio induciendo mediante imaginación, con cierta proximidad temporal, tristeza y alegría, y se registraron los correlatos afectivos atendiendo a la magnitud de las respuestas fisiológicas, faciales y cognitivas. Los resultados revelan un panorama complejo en el que las diferencias dependen del contenido afectivo y del orden de presentación. Los resultados son congruentes con las teorías que postulan una educación prototípica emocional y abren una posible forma de paliar la sensibilización que las mujeres parecen desarrollar en emociones como la tristeza: la utilización de los efectos benefactores de las vivencias positivas

The aim of this study is to explore gender differences in emotional expression: Do men benefit from their stereotyped response pattern to some negative affects such as sadness? Do women benefit less than men from positive affect? We studied sadness and happiness in the laboratory, using imagery induction with some temporal proximity, and registering physiological, facial, and cognitive responses. The results show a complex panorama in which the differences depend on the emotional content and presentation order. The results are in accordance with the educational theories that postulate prototypical emotional education, and indicate a way to reduce the problems related to womens sensitization to sadness, using the beneficial effects of positive experiences

[Gender and emotional response induced by imagery]. / Género y respuesta emocional inducida mediante imaginación.

The aim of this study is to explore gender differences in emotional expression: Do men benefit from their stereotyped response pattern to some negative affects such as sadness? Do women benefit less than men from positive affect? We studied sadness and happiness in the laboratory, using imagery induction with some temporal proximity, and registering physiological, facial, and cognitive responses. The results show a complex panorama in which the differences depend on the emotional content and presentation order. The results are in accordance with the educational theories that postulate prototypical emotional education, and indicate a way to reduce the problems related to women's sensitization to sadness, using the beneficial effects of positive experiences.